I recently was asked about how disciples studied with rabbis. What age were disciples, and did they pay the rabbi a fee to study? How did they support themselves at the same time? Did the rabbis work at some craft to support themselves? (They were not like rabbis of today, which like pastors are to paid to teach a congregation.)
This was my answer:
Boys attended school (which focused on studying the Scriptures) until age 13, and then typically learned a trade as an apprentice after that. Parents would start making arrangements for boys to do apprenticeships when they were young. After they finished school at 13, many would go and live with a tradesman’s family for a time, and they would earn their keep by doing chores and menial labor as they learned from the craftsman. Marriage was encouraged by about age 20.
The Mishnah says that the time that some began to attend the bet midrash (house of study) which was a rabbi’s “school” or “study group” was about 15. Adults of all ages could come to listen in on the sessions (including women) when they had spare time, and there were quite a few who studied but never became teachers – they were still called “disciples” even at advanced ages. There were just a few who were dedicated enough to spend years of time in training to become rabbinic teachers themselves.
Even though marriage was strongly encouraged, some young men were so earnest in their studies that they would put it off until later so that they could study full time. Gamaliel II (the grandson of Paul’s teacher) already had disciples when he finally got married. Paul and Jesus fit into this tradition of setting aside marriage for the sake of ministry. This was likely what Jesus meant about being “eunuchs for sake of the Kingdom of Heaven.”
Regarding fees – it was forbidden to charge a fee to teach the Torah, so it was common for rabbis to practice a trade part of the time and teach part of the time. Disciples did the same. Some rabbis were from priestly families, so they would have a stipend from the Temple, but many were manual laborers. There are many reports of teaching sessions held in the evening or on the Sabbath or festival days, so often men worked and studied at the same time. Some could work seasonally and take time off between planting and harvesting, etc. This makes sense with how the Gospel accounts describe the disciples fishing occasionally, even after they had become disciples of Jesus.
Women often helped run the family farm or manage its business, giving the husband time to study. (Think of Proverbs 31, where the wife ran the business, and the husband “sat in the gate” – either in government affairs or in intellectual discussions.) Proverbs, of course, is from an earlier time, but the same thing was true in later Judaism – in pious families, the wife often would earn the money so that the man could spend his time in religious study. Extended families would also support a brother or son who was engaged in study too.
Often disciples would travel together with a rabbi, and they would take weeks away to go on a teaching trip. A disciple had to ask his wife’s permission to be away from home to study longer than 30 days. When they traveled, rabbis and disciples would pool their money to buy food, etc. Jesus received contributions from wealthy women, and they were known for supporting other rabbis too. When they traveled, the villages they taught in were expected to extend hospitality, giving them food and shelter.
My reference here is the chapter, “Education and the Study of Torah” in The Jewish People in the First Century, by Safrai & Stern (Van Gorcum, Brill.) Shmuel Safrai spent a lifetime engaging the original rabbinic texts, and distilled the results of his research here. It is the best scholarly source available on the topic. Another excellent source is New Light on the Difficult Words of Jesus, by David Bivin (En-Gedi, 2005). This paperback is a little more readable than the huge volume by Safrai.
(Some may want to read my articles on some basic, related issues: “Can We Call Jesus ‘Rabbi’?” and “Can We Use Jewish Sources to Study Jesus?“)
(Photo: Matty Stern)
Mlandeli says
Thanku much appreciated info. Will share in on my Facebook with prayer and hope many in our country will learn these secrets. Eye opener to me too.
Baruch HaShem.
Viking says
Interesting and informative article.
What I am more specifically interested in is what is the distinction, or definition differences, if any, between a disciple, an apostle, and a rabbi? Are any of them ‘ordained’? Are all teachers? Was Paul a rabbi? Was John a rabbi?
Thanks for any light you’ll shed on the subject.
Lois Tverberg says
Viking, I answered quite a few of your questions in another article, “Can we call Jesus “Rabbi”?”
Pre 70-AD, the system not formalized. As I said above, people studied for many years and some went on to become teachers themselves. They didn’t go through a formal ordination process until post 70 AD.
The title “rabbi” means ‘my master’ and it was used as a term of respect for a teacher. It was only after 70 AD that it became a formal title.
An apostle is one who is “sent out.” It’s a New Testament term, not a word used in Jewish culture.
Eddie says
I have a mentor friend of mine who explained to me that during a young boy’s Bar Mitzvah is when a Rabbi would choose to take him as a disciple and teach him. If the boy had not impressed upon any of the Rabbis then he would carry on to live a life as a tradesman of the trade of his father. Just as Joseph was a carpenter, so Jesus became one. He explained that Jesus did not impress into a Rabbi to become a disciple at the age of becoming a man. I like to learn these such things, however I also like to search things out. My main question is, is it true that a Rabbi would take a boy under his wing at the time of his Bar Mitzvah to teach him and if he isn’t chosen then yes he would go on to carry out a tradesman’s life?
Matt says
I am also very interested in the answers to these questions.
Lynette says
When one became a disciple of Rabbi, would it be the Rabbi’s responsibility to provide all things for the disciple, like room and board, etc?
Carol Paul says
How many disciples did a typical first century rabbi have? Please include your source.
Lois Tverberg says
Twelve is a lot of disciples to have at once. More typical is 2 or 3. See chapter 19, “Education and the Study of Torah” in The Jewish People in the First Century, by Shmuel Safrai (Fortress, 1988)
Johnnie le Roux says
I am busy with a study on Jesus as Rabbi and his apostles and find this information very helpfull
Chaplain Paul Vescio says
Greetings did the Rabbis have only 12 students at a time in relation to the 12 tribes of Israel? What was that standard number of students for a Rabbi to have during the time of Yeshua?
Rebekah M Dayton says
Lois Tverberg said on
AUGUST 2, 2019 AT 2:00 PM
Twelve is a lot of disciples to have at once. More typical is 2 or 3. See chapter 19, “Education and the Study of Torah” in The Jewish People in the First Century, by Shmuel Safrai (Fortress, 1988)
Lois Tverberg says
That’s true! And a good reference source too. One rabbi speaks of his 5 disciples. Gamaliel had 500 disciples, but they were obviously spread over time and likely members of an academy he ran in Jerusalem, not those he walked and taught personally.
I agree that it sounds like it must have been hard for Jesus to have 12 he was teaching. I can see why he often is just talking to two or three.
Rian says
Could you recommend some sources that shows the term “rabbi” was round pre70? I have heard many skeptics claim it is anachronistic but I also believe it was a term around pre-70. Do you have any resources on this? Thank you.
Diana Flegal says
This is so helpful and interesting! Thank you!
Bobbie Herhuth says
If/When a Rabbi died, what happened to his students/disciples? Did they simply return home? Stop studying or study under a new Rabbi?